INTRODUCTION TO Psychology Second Edition Annotated Instructor’s Edition - Not for SaleLead Editor: Sara Juber Editors: Caitlin Coleman, Caitlin Edahl, Cory Eno, Jessica Heitmann, Riley Possanza, Sarah Quinn Creative Services Manager: Trudy Tronco Designers: Lizbeth Mendoza, Patrick Thompson, Joel Travis Cover Design: Patrick Thompson Design and Layout Assistance: U. Nagesh, E. Jeevan Kumar, D. Kanthi, K.V.S. Anil A division of Quant Systems, Inc. 546 Long Point Road Mount Pleasant, SC 29464 Copyright © 2024 by Hawkes Learning / Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2023940989 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 978-1-64277-696-6 AIE ISBN: 978-1-64277-697-3Table of Contents Psychological Science 1.1 What Is Psychology? ................................................... 4 1.2 Contemporary Psychology ...................................... 16 1.3 Why Is Research Important? ................................... 29 1.4 Approaches to Research .......................................... 34 1.5 Analyzing Findings .................................................... 43 1.6 Ethics .......................................................................... 51 Chapter 1 Review ....................................................55 Chapter 1 Exercises ................................................59 Chapter 1 Project ....................................................64 CHAPTER 2 Biopsychology 2.1 Human Genetics ....................................................... 68 2.2 Cells of the Nervous System.................................... 74 2.3 Parts of the Nervous System ................................... 82 2.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord ....................................... 86 2.5 The Endocrine System.............................................. 96 Chapter 2 Review ................................................. 100 Chapter 2 Exercises ............................................. 104 Chapter 2 Project ................................................. 107 States of Consciousness 3.1 What Is Consciousness? .........................................110 3.2 Sleep and Why We Sleep .......................................114 3.3 Stages of Sleep ........................................................117 3.4 Sleep Problems and Disorders .............................122 3.5 Substance Use and Abuse .....................................128 3.6 Other States of Consciousness .............................136 Chapter 3 Review ................................................. 140 Chapter 3 Exercises ............................................. 143 Chapter 3 Project ................................................. 146 CHAPTER 4 Sensation and Perception 4.1 Sensation Versus Perception ................................150 4.2 Waves and Wavelengths ........................................154 4.3 Vision ........................................................................158 4.4 Hearing ....................................................................165 4.5 The Other Senses ...................................................170 4.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception ............................175 Chapter 4 Review ................................................. 179 Chapter 4 Exercises ............................................. 182 Chapter 4 Project ................................................. 185 CHAPTER 5 Learning 5.1 What Is Learning? ...................................................188 5.2 Classical Conditioning ............................................191 5.3 Operant Conditioning ............................................197 5.4 Observational Learning (Modeling) ......................208 Chapter 5 Review ................................................. 212 Chapter 5 Exercises ............................................. 214 Chapter 5 Project ................................................. 216 CHAPTER 6 Thinking and Intelligence 6.1 What Is Cognition? ..................................................220 6.2 Language .................................................................224 6.3 Problem Solving ......................................................227 6.4 What Are Intelligence and Creativity? ..................232 6.5 Measures of Intelligence ........................................238 6.6 The Source of Intelligence .....................................244 Chapter 6 Review ................................................. 248 Chapter 6 Exercises ............................................. 250 Chapter 6 Project ................................................. 253 Memory 7.1 How Memory Functions .........................................258 7.2 Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory ............263 7.3 Problems with Memory .........................................268 7.4 Ways to Enhance Memory .....................................277 Chapter 7 Review ................................................. 282 Chapter 7 Exercises ............................................. 284 Chapter 7 Project ................................................. 286iv Table of Contents CHAPTER 8 Lifespan Development 8.1 What Is Lifespan Development? ...........................290 8.2 Lifespan Theories ...................................................295 8.3 Stages of Development ..........................................301 8.4 Death and Dying .....................................................323 Chapter 8 Review ................................................. 326 Chapter 8 Project ................................................. 331 CHAPTER 9 Emotion and Motivation 9.1 Motivation................................................................336 9.2 Hunger and Eating ..................................................344 9.3 Emotion ....................................................................349 Chapter 9 Review ................................................. 358 Chapter 9 Exercises ............................................. 360 Chapter 9 Project ................................................. 362 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality 10.1 Sex and Gender ....................................................366 10.2 Understanding Sexual Behavior .........................375 10.3 Sexuality ................................................................381 Chapter 10 Review............................................... 388 Chapter 10 Exercises ........................................... 390 Chapter 10 Project ............................................... 392 CHAPTER 11 Personality 11.1 What Is Personality? .............................................396 11.2 Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective ......398 11.3 Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney ............................................................405 11.4 Learning Approaches ...........................................409 11.5 Humanistic Approaches.......................................414 11.6 Biological Approaches ..........................................416 11.7 Trait Theorists .......................................................418 11.8 Cultural Understandings of Personality ............422 11.9 Personality Assessment .......................................425 Chapter 11 Review............................................... 429 Chapter 11 Exercises ........................................... 432 Chapter 11 Project ............................................... 435 Social Psychology 12.1 What Is Social Psychology? ..................................438 12.2 Self-Presentation ..................................................445 12.3 Attitudes and Persuasion ....................................451 12.4 Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience .........459 12.5 Prejudice and Discrimination ..............................467 12.6 Aggression .............................................................476 12.7 Prosocial Behavior ................................................480 Chapter 12 Review............................................... 486 Chapter 12 Project ............................................... 493 CHAPTER 13 Industrial-Organizational Psychology 13.1 What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? ................................498 13.2 Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees ..........................................504 13.3 Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work ..............................................512 13.4 Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design .................................................522 Chapter 13 Review............................................... 525 Chapter 13 Exercises ........................................... 527 Chapter 13 Project ............................................... 529 CHAPTER 14 Stress, Lifestyle, and Health 14.1 What Is Stress? ......................................................532 14.2 Stressors ................................................................543 14.3 Stress and Illness ..................................................550 14.4 Regulation of Stress .............................................564 14.5 The Pursuit of Happiness ....................................574 Chapter 14 Review............................................... 583 Chapter 14 Exercises ........................................... 586 Chapter 14 Project ............................................... 589v CHAPTER 15 Psychological Disorders 15.1 What Are Psychological Disorders? ....................594 15.2 Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders ...............................................................599 15.3 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders ..........602 15.4 Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress-Related Disorders ...............................................................606 15.5 Mood Disorders ....................................................622 15.6 Schizophrenia .......................................................634 15.7 Dissociative Disorders..........................................639 15.8 Personality Disorders ...........................................641 15.9 Disorders in Childhood ........................................648 Chapter 15 Review............................................... 656 Chapter 15 Project ............................................... 664 CHAPTER 16 Therapy and Treatment 16.1 Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present .....668 16.2 Types of Treatment ..............................................675 16.3 Treatment Modalities ...........................................686 16.4 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case ...........................................................690 16.5 The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization ...............................................693 Chapter 16 Review............................................... 697 Chapter 16 Exercises ........................................... 700 Chapter 16 Project ............................................... 702 Answer Key.........................................710 Glossary ................................................ 718 References .......................................... 739 Photo Credits ..................................... 792 Index Real-World Applications Relevant examples, scenarios, and exercises are embedded in the text to encourage students to see the connections between psychology and the world around them. This application lies at the heart of the textbook. v Figure 3 Voting for government officials in the United States is private to reduce the pressure of conformity. Further Resources Students are presented with opportunities to connect with outside sources related to lesson concepts. These sources include case studies, news articles, TED Talks and other instructional videos, podcasts, research tools, and more. Students are provided with links to easily visit these resources. Further Resources For more information, visit this video summarizing Albert Bandura’s study on observational learning. Verified Quizlet Sets Vocabulary is central to psychology, and students can practice with Verified Quizlet sets for every lesson and chapter that have been created specifically for Introduction to Psychology Second Edition. Flash Forward Ready to dig into the vocabulary? Get some practice with this Hawkes Verified Quizlet set Flash Back Now that you’ve worked through the chapter, sharpen your vocabulary with this Hawkes Verified Quizlet set INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Content Highlights (Key Features) vii Preface Introduction to Psychology Helpful Hints These explanations and instructional tips and tricks break down complex concepts and help students grasp key concepts more easily. Group Activities Collaborative exercises pepper the text and direct students to work with one another to converse, brainstorm, and apply key lesson content via discussion and hands-on activities. All activities require little to no outside materials, and most can be adapted for independent work. Group Activity Watson’s experiment is considered unethical by today’s standards. As a group, identify the modern standards that would be violated by this experiment today. Reflection Questions These questions ask students to pause and explore the connections between their lives and the lesson content. Some questions also ask students to consider further implications associated with complex ideas, multifaceted issues, or controversial studies. Reflection Questions v Figure 6 Do you think the link between marijuana use and schizophrenia should be considered by legislators who are considering legalizing marijuana? Why or why not? Helpful Hint Our tendency to give ourselves the benefit of the doubt but not to do the same for others may stem from an evolutionary source. Giving ourselves an external explanation for negative behavior can increase our confidence, which may allow us to take more beneficial risks. Read this article to explore the fundamental attribution error. viii Preface Everyday Connections This feature helps students understand how psychological topics play a role in the real world by providing examples rooted in relevance. Review the following “Puzzling Scales” logic puzzle (Figure 4). Sam Loyd, a well-known puzzle master, created and refined countless puzzles throughout his lifetime (Loyd, 1914). Pitfalls to Problem Solving A mental set is where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now. Functional fixedness is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for. During the Apollo 13 mission to the moon, NASA engineers at Mission Control had to overcome functional fixedness to save the lives of the astronauts aboard the spacecraft. An explosion in a module of the spacecraft damaged multiple systems. The astronauts were in danger of being poisoned by rising levels of carbon dioxide because of problems with the carbon dioxide filters. The engineers found a way for the astronauts to use spare plastic bags, tape, and air hoses to create a makeshift air filter, which saved the lives of the astronauts. { On Your Own Which of the following is not an example of a mental set that causes functional fixedness? only using a water bottle to store water that you drink only using a hammer to drive a nail into a surface using water from a water bottle to clean a stain on a shirt In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. Sometimes, however, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. Let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $2,400 per month. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $2,400 per month and then shows you a nice house for $3,000 per month. Even though it would have been worth it for you and your friends to spend extra each month for a nicer house, you may have stuck to the run-down houses to keep within the original budget. v Figure 3 Did you figure it out? (The answer is at the end of this lesson.) Once you understand how to crack this puzzle, you won’t forget. v Figure 2 How long did it take you to solve this sudoku puzzle? (You can see the answer at the end of this lesson.) v Figure 4 What steps did you take to solve this puzzle? (You can read the solution at the end of this lesson.) Further Resources Check out this Apollo 13 scene (hawkes.biz/ functionalfixedness) where a group of NASA engineers are given the task of overcoming functional fixedness. 229 6.3 Problem Solving PSYCH2_Chapter_6.indd 229PSYCH2_Chapter_6.indd 2297/11/2023 2:46:31 AM7/11/2023 2:46:31 AM Dig Deeper These sections allow students to understand complex topics through a further examination of related ideas and case studies. Dig Deeper The Myth of Mental Illness In the 1950s and 1960s, the concept of mental illness was widely criticized. One of the major criticisms focused on the notion that mental illness was a “myth that justifies psychiatric intervention in socially disapproved behavior” (Wakefield, 1992). Thomas Szasz (1960), a noted psychiatrist, was perhaps the biggest proponent of this view. Szasz argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms. Indeed, Szasz suggested that what appear to be symptoms of mental illness are more appropriately characterized as “problems in living” (Szasz, 1960). What Do You Think? Students have a chance to critically evaluate scenarios that are often controversial or met with varying opinions. What Do You Think? The Meaning of Language Think about what you know of other languages; perhaps you even speak multiple languages. Imagine for a moment that your closest friend fluently speaks more than one language. Do you think that friend thinks differently, depending on which language is being spoken? You may know a few words that are not translatable from their original language into English. For example, the Portuguese word saudade originated during the 15th century when Portuguese sailors left home to explore the seas and travel to Africa or Asia. Those left behind described the emptiness and fondness they felt as saudade (Figure 3). The word came to express many meanings, including loss, nostalgia, yearning, warm memories, and hope. There is no single word in English that includes all of those emotions in a single description. Do words such as saudade indicate that different languages produce different patterns of thought in people? What do you think? ix Preface Introduction to PsychologyNext >